## =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ## ## ## ## BASIC AND ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY ## ## Carsten Becker, 2006 ## ## ## ## =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ## The contents of this word list have been taken from "Grund- und Aufbauwortschatz Englisch", 1st impression 1981, Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-12-519510-1. The book this is taken from contains "basic" vocabulary, that is, the 2000 basic words that you learn in the first years of learning English at school; the "additional" vocabulary it contains comprises another 2500 words that are useful to know. I have cut off the preface, which contains explanations about the purpose of this book and suggestions to the learner, as well as examples of usage and the German translations of the respective words. Since the original book I copied this from is still under copyright, please ONLY use this list for PRIVATE purposes. I thought that such a list of thematic vocabulary might be useful for other conlangers. Of course, the words listed here refer to our world -- well, the 1970's edition of the Western hemisphere -- so if the scenario your language takes place in is not like our world, use this thematic word-list at least as an inspiration if you like. Forgive my typos. I. QUANTITY ............................................................line 138 1. Numbers ............................................................. 141 2. Measurements and Weights ............................................ 156 3. Amounts ............................................................. 170 II. TIME ................................................................... 185 4. Points in and spaces of time ........................................ 188 5. Calendar ............................................................ 202 6. Time, Clock ......................................................... 214 III. OUTER SPACE ........................................................... 226 7. Space and Sky ....................................................... 229 8. Weather ............................................................. 243 9. Geography and Geology ............................................... 258 10. Space, Length in Space .............................................. 296 IV. THE HUMAN .............................................................. 320 11. Body ................................................................ 323 12. Look and Movements .................................................. 345 13. Senses .............................................................. 358 14. Life and Death ...................................................... 376 15. Health, Disease, Cure ............................................... 390 V. FEELINGS ................................................................ 416 16. Good Characteristics, Virtues ....................................... 419 17. Faults, Vices ....................................................... 439 18. Feelings, State of Mind ............................................. 457 a. of indifferent kind .............................................. 460 b. of joyous, pleasant kind ......................................... 473 c. of gloomy, unpleasant kind ....................................... 487 19. Religion, Religious Feeling ......................................... 505 20. Want, Intention (Act, Deed) ......................................... 529 VI. SOCIETY ................................................................ 550 21. Family .............................................................. 553 22. Social Groups and Relationships ..................................... 570 23. Language ............................................................ 590 a. The spoken and written word ...................................... 593 b. Kinds of expressions in language ................................. 615 24. Clothing, Jewellery ................................................. 629 25. Night Rest .......................................................... 653 26. Morning Toilet ...................................................... 665 VII. ORDER ................................................................. 684 27. Division and Importance (Meaning) ................................... 687 28. Order ............................................................... 702 29. Comparison .......................................................... 716 30. Cause, Impact, Connection ........................................... 729 31. Destiny ............................................................. 744 VII. ORGANISATION OF A STATE ............................................... 761 32. People, State, Government ........................................... 764 33. Jurisdiction ........................................................ 791 34. Administration and Police ........................................... 817 35. Military: Army ...................................................... 838 36. Military: Navy, Air Force ........................................... 867 37. War and Peace ....................................................... 883 IX. ECONOMY ................................................................ 913 38. Work and working conditions ......................................... 916 39. Craft ............................................................... 933 40. Industry ............................................................ 961 41. Resources and Materials ............................................. 983 42. House-building: Building and Planning ............................... 999 43. House-building: Buildings .......................................... 1015 44. Furniture, Equipment ............................................... 1029 45. Heating and Lightning .............................................. 1043 46. Household Goods .................................................... 1054 47. Wholesale Trade .................................................... 1068 48. Bank ............................................................... 1090 49. Retail Trade ....................................................... 1107 50. Restaurant, Café, Hotel ............................................ 1126 a. In General ...................................................... 1129 b. Food ............................................................ 1147 c. Beverages ....................................................... 1164 51. Wealth, Poverty .................................................... 1175 52. Farming: Arable Farming ............................................ 1190 53. Farming: Livestock Farming, Animals ................................ 1205 54. Horticulture ....................................................... 1220 X. TRAFFIC, TRAVELLING .................................................... 1236 55. Mail ............................................................... 1239 56. Railroad ........................................................... 1256 57. Ship ............................................................... 1277 58. Airplane ........................................................... 1296 59. Car, Bicycle etc. .................................................. 1315 60. City Traffic and Sights ............................................ 1337 XI. SPORTS ................................................................ 1356 61. Sports ............................................................. 1359 62. Fishing, Hunting ................................................... 1384 XII. SCIENCE AND SCHOOL ................................................... 1403 63. Cognitive and Scientific Work ...................................... 1406 64. Philosophy ......................................................... 1428 65. History ............................................................ 1447 66. Literature ......................................................... 1473 67. Grammar ............................................................ 1494 68. Education, School, Teaching ........................................ 1509 XIII. ARTISTIC WORK ....................................................... 1541 69. In General ......................................................... 1544 70. Painting, Sculpturing, Architecture ................................ 1558 71. Music, Singing ..................................................... 1574 72. Theatre, Cinema, Photography ....................................... 1588 73. Broadcasting, Television ........................................... 1605 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- I. QUANTITY =========== 1. Numbers ---------- Basics: account, amount, average, difference, division, figure, growth, heap, number, rest, result, sum, variety, zero -- to total -- absolute, all, another, any, different, entire, every, few, final, first, general, half, immense, many, one, quite, second, several, single, some, total -- about, almost, below, frequent, further, once, over, very. Additional vocabulary: the four rules, addition, subtraction, multiplication, remainder, fraction, even/odd number, cardinal/ordinal number, surplus, the multiplication-table problem in arithmetic, dozen/a score, pile, bulk, to subtract, to multiply, to calculate, to compute, to lessen, to eliminate, to total up, numerous/countless, innumerable, (in)definite 2. Measurements and Weights --------------------------- Basics: date, depth, detail, distance, end, equality, fortune, hour, length, load, measure, mile, minute, month, pair, pause, quarter, surface, year -- to estimate, to thin, to weigh -- deep, distant, equal, even, farther, great, heavy, high, irregular, less, light, long, more, most, much, narrow, near. Additional vocabulary: measure of length, square/cubic/liquid measure, an inch, a foot, a yard, a square inch, an acre, a square mile, a cubic foot, a register ton, a pint, a quart, a gallon, a bushel, avoirdupois, an ounce, a pound, a stone, a hundredweight, a ton, breadth, burden, contents, capacity, to enlarge, to widen, to deepen, to shorten 3. Amounts ---------- Basics: barrel, basin, basket, bottle, bowl, box, capital, debt, division, gift, interests, lot, mass, means, part, plenty, price, profit, quantity, savings, space, value, worth -- to class, to deal, to distribute, to gain, to gather, to give, to increase, to leave, to lend, to lose, to receive, to reduce, to rise, to ruin -- entirely. Additional vocabulary: proportion/mixture, trifle, gap, to deprive s.o. of s.th., to lower, to diminish, to consume, to contribute (to), to heap up, sufficient, grave, extremely/completely II. TIME ======== 4. Points in and Spaces of Time ------------------------------- Basics: age, birth, century, date, death, evening, future, holiday, moment, morning, past, presence, silence, time, year, youth -- to begin, to fade, to hurry, to last, to pass -- ago, ancient, due, early, former, future, immediate, late, original, present, regular, up-to-date, young -- after, afterwards, all of a sudden, already, at first, again, finally, gradually, immediately, now, sometimes, soon, then, till, when. Additional vocabulary: period, duration, eternity, present, instant, posterity, childhood/old age, to elapse, to linger, to cease, to resume, durable/eternal, primitive, constant, instantaneous, simultaneously, instantly, previously 5. Calendar ----------- Basics: April, August, autumn, century, Christmas, day, December, Easter, February, Friday, holiday, January, June, July, March, May, Monday, month, moon, November, October, Saturday, September, spring, summer, sun, Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday, Wednesday, week, winter, year -- always, today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday. Additional vocabulary: calendar, working-day, week-day, leap-year, decade, birthday, Whitsuntide (Pentecoste), dusk, dawn, twilight, a fortnight 6. Time, Clock -------------- Basics: afternoon, clock, day, evening, hour, minute, moment, morning, night, quarter, watch -- to advance, to ring, to stop -- exact, fast, late, quick, slow -- in the afternoon, always, this evening, again. Additional vocabulary: alarm-clock, (wrist-)watch, dial, long/short hand, sun-dial, forenoon, quarter of an hour, half an hour, to put back, a.m./p.m. III. OUTER SPACE ================ 7. Space and Sky ---------------- Basics: air, cloud, distance, earth, east, echo, form, heaven, height, limit, line, material, middle, north, shadow, shape, sky, south, space, star, sun, surface, temperature, turn, west, world -- to appear, to light up, to slow up, to turn -- bright, clear, high, long, natural. Additional vocabulary: darkness, new/full moon, waxing/waning moon, crescent, sunbeam, eclipse of the sun/moon, sunshine, fixed star, planet, shooting star, the milky way, celestial body, pole-star, Charles's wain/The Great Bear, to beam/dazzle, to revolve (round), to illuminate, to gleam, blazing, (in)visible, sunburnt 8. Weather ---------- Basics: air, blast, cold, degree, drop, fog, heat, ice, rain, shower, snow, temperature, thunder, weather, wind -- to blow, to change, to fall, to melt, to rain, to warm, to whistle -- bad, clear, cold, dark, dry, fine, fresh, hot, rainy, violent, warm, wet. Additional vocabulary: thermometer, barometer, atmospheric pressure, climate, the tropics, whirlwind, snow-storm/-flake, hurricane, weather-forecast/-chart, moisture, dew, thunderstorm/-clap, hail, frost/hoar-frost, heat wave/cold spell, mist, raindrop/rainbow, cloudburst, thaw, drought, to splash/to trickle, to rage, to howl, to shiver, to soak, stormy, changeable/unsettled, foggy, chilly, sultry, moist, damp, overcast, hazy 9. Geography and Geology ------------------------ Basics: bank, bay, capital, coal, colony, commerce, cotton, country, course, crossing, discovery, district, earth, gold, grass, ground, growth, hill, hole, iron, island, land, length, life, map, mark, market, merchant, metal, mine, mountain, mouth, mud, nation, native, neighbour, ocean, origin, outline, passage, path, people, plain, plant, pool, rail, range, sand, settlement, slope, soil, spring, square, state, station, stone, stream, street, trade, traffic, valley, voyage, water, way -- to cover, to extend, to flood, to flow, to form, to grow, to separate, to shake, to stretch, to surround -- broad, clear, commercial, deep, high, local, low, native, plain, pure, rare -- across, anywhere,e apart, around, aside, away, backwards, behind, below, beneath, near, next, nowhere, over. Additional vocabulary: continent mainland, hemisphere, north/south pole, equator, horizon, summit, ridge, pass, gorge, landslip, glacier, lake, canal, cave, pasture, heath, highlands, plateau, boulder, volcano, eruption, marsh, bog, swamp, whirlpool, eddy, stagnant water, earthquake, waterfall, clearing, oasis, dike/dam, straits, beach, gulf, the tides, low/high tide, breakers, isthmus, sluice, rock, inundation, cliff, sand-bank, promontory, brook, affluent, tributary, watershed, divide, ford, to submerge, to overflow, to be outlined against, to burst forth, steep, shallow, extinct, earthly, earthen, marshy, boggy, swampy, muddy Europe (European), Germany (German), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (British), England (English), Ireland (Irish), Scotland (Scottish, Scotch), Wales (Welsh), Austria (Austrian), Belgium (Belgian), Spain (Spanish), France (French), Italy (Italian), the U.S.S.R/the Soviet Union (Soviet-(Russian)), Switzerland (Swiss), the Netherlands (Dutch), Sweden (Swedish), Denmark (Danish), Norway (Norwegian), Greece (Greek), Africa (African), Asia (Asian), China (Chinese), Japan (Japanese), America (American), The United States of America (American), Australia (Australian), London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Vienna, Brussels, Rome, Leghorn, Moscow, the Hague, Tokyo, Washington, Canberra the Straight of Dover, the English Channel, the Irish Sea, the Pennine Chain, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Isle of Wight, the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachians, the Great Lakes 10. Space, Length in Space -------------------------- Basics: base, bottom, centre, corner, course, crossing, difference, direction, distance, end, entrance, extension, extent, front, haste, height, hurry, length, middle, place, quarter, range, spot, step, surface, zone -- to cover, to creep, to develop, to distinguish, to divide, to drive, to drop, to enter, to escape, to extend, to fall, to fasten, to find, to flow, to fly, to fold, to follow, to gather, to handle, to head, to hold, to hurry, to include, to jump, to keep, to lean, to leave, to lie, to lift, to lower, to pass, to place, to ride, to rock, to roll, to run, to shake, to sink, to sit, to slide, to slip, to spread, to stand, to turn, to twist -- aboard, abroad, absent, calm, different, distant, distinct, empty, flat, high, irregular, large, left, level, local, long, quick, right, round, wide -- across, after, against, ahead, around, aside, backward(s), before, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, close, contrary, down, farther, here, inside, of, under, up, upper, upstairs, upwards, where. Additional vocabulary: expanse, dimension, vacuum, extremity, frontier, boundary, neighbourhood, remoteness, upper part, to expand, to hover, to soar up, to descend, extensive, widespread, voluminous, bulky, centrally located, spacious, comprehensive, far-reaching IV. THE HUMAN ============= 11. Body -------- Basics: arm, back , bag, basin, beard, belt, blood, body, bone, bowl, brain, breath, calf, chest, composition, condition, elbow, eye, face, fat, feeling, finger, fist, flesh, foot, forehead, hair, hand, heart, heel, joint, look, man, memory, mind, mouth, muscle, nose, root, shoulder, sight, spirit, stomach, strength, sweat, tongue, tooth, trunk -- to beat, to bend, to bite, to breathe, to cry, to feed, to feel, to handle, to seize, to sigh, to stretch, to sweat -- bare, female, lean, male, pale -- inside, outside Additional: upper arm/forearm, thigh/shank, palm, finger-tip, thumb, knuckle, shin(-bone), ankle, sole, hip, skeleton, skull, temple, palate, tip of the nose/tongue, upper/lower jaw, gum, upper/lower lip, vocal chords, gullet, oesophagus, eyeball, the pupil of the eye, eyebrow/lash/lid, curl / parting, waist, backbone, spine, windpipe, belly, abdomen, navel, kidney, gall-bladder, appendix, bowels, intestines, circulation of the blood, nervous system, pulse, marrow, tonsils, spleen, sinew, to pant, to gasp, to weep / to sob, to wink, to blink, to yawn, to sneeze, to chew, to perspire, masculine, feminine, corpulent, stout, plump, meagre, slender, slim, lanky, robust, husky, long-/short-sighted, beardless 12. Look and Movements ---------------------- Basics: activity, address, air, appearance, balance, beauty, behaviour, charm, colour, dance, expression, movement, skill, smile -- to act, to cry, to dance, to express, to frown, to lean, to lie, to move, to please, to smile -- active, beautiful, busy, charming, coarse, handsome, happy, irregular, lazy, light, merry, nice, regular, rough, ugly Additional: complexion, countenance, physique, physical constitution, weakness, gait, errand, collision, clash, to conduct oneself, to weaken, to dangle, to grow pale, graceful/awkward, attractive, striking, wobbly 13. Senses ---------- Basics: ability, anxiety, application, attention, colour, crash, cruelty, curiosity, eye, face, feeling, hate, heat, sight, smell, taste -- to astonish, to crash, to fade, to fear, to flash, to hate, to hear, to heat, to hurt, to regard, to smell, to taste -- able, afraid, anxious, aware, beautiful, clear, coarse, cold, cool, cruel, curious, dark, delicate, dry, dull, faint, fair, fearful, fine, fond, fresh, gentle, glad, handsome, happy, hard, heavy, hot, lovely, merry, nervous, nice, painful, pretty, rough, sharp, smooth, sweet, ugly, warm, weak, wet Additional: glance, touch, hearing / sound wave, brightness, perfume, scent, to behold (beheld, beheld), to gaze, to stare at, to perceive/to sense, piercing, furtive, deafening, noisy, delicious, disagreeable, monotonous, slippery 14. Life and Death ------------------ Basics: accident, ashes, being, creature, death, dream, dust, grave, life, loss, murder, ruin, sacrifice, tear, want -- to bury, to die, to dream, to drop, to finish, to poison, to remove, to save, to strike, to suffer, to twist -- asleep, awake, aware, dead, living Additional: burial, funeral, funeral procession, funeral march, mortality, tomb-stone, grave-stone, tomb, coffin, epitaph, wreath, grave-yard, cemetery, corpse / mummy, deceased, suicide, cremation, urn, to drown, to be drowned, to shed blood, to embalm, to grow old, to mourn (for), to commit suicide, gloomy, dismal, dim/mortal 15. Health, Disease, Cure ------------------------- Basics: attack, bath, blow, care, change, cold, cough, disease, doctor, faint, fever, fold, growth, harm, health, hunger, medicine, nurse, operation, pain, patience, poison, remedy, rest, sympathy, wound -- to apply, to arrange, to bear, to break, to burst, to catch, to dress, to enjoy, to fade, to faint, to grow, to hurt, to nurse, to rest, to swallow -- blind, careful, careless, delicate, mad, merry, faint, full, healthy, hungry, lame, natural, painful, pale, senseless, sore, tired, unhealthy Additional: illness, sickness, infection, contagion, delicacy, injury, loss of blood, blood transfusion, breakdown, collapse, fit of apoplexy, exhaustion, indisposition, relapse, recovery, sleeplessness, cold in the head, whooping-cough, hoarseness, influenza (flu), swelling, ulcer, fracture, toothache / headache, cancer, polio(myelitis), pneumonia, measles, scarlet fever, sunstroke, tuberculosis, dressing / plaster, cotton wool, injection, prescription, remedy, ointment, tablet, pill, dispensary, night-duty, patient, sick person, to ache, to consult, to swell up, to bleed (bled, bled), to heal, to disinfect, to vaccinate, to squint, to limp, to stutter, to snore, to recover from, vigorous, sturdy, robust, sickly, feeble-minded, insane, hereditary, dumb, mute, deaf, innate, exhausted, drowsy, unconscious, dizzy, bald-headed, crippled, malignant V. FEELINGS =========== 16. Good Characteristics, Virtues --------------------------------- Basics: ability, admiration, application, character, charm, confidence, consideration, courage, efficiency, energy, gift, honour, industry, joke, joy, laughter, love, luck, mercy, quality, respect, sacrifice, value, virtue -- to admire, to attract, to behave, to convince, to encourage, to help, to invite, to laugh, to obey, to pardon, to thank -- able, aware, best, better, bold, brave, busy, calm, charming, cheerful, clever, content, economical, faithful, generous, good, helpful, honest, humble, modest, nice, patient, polite, quite, sincere, strong Additional: disposition, frame of mind, sincerity/responsibility, gratitude, humility, modesty, perseverance, generosity, honesty, piety, enthusiasm, frankness, tolerance, resolution, seriousness, to exert oneself, to endeavour, to have regard for, to make sacrifices (for), merciful (to), tolerant (of), cordial, respectful, honourable, venerable, resolute, industrious, outspoken, fearless, conscientious, smart/capable (of), courageous, thoughtful, reserved, unselfish, thrifty, intrepid, irresistible, discreet, cautious 17. Faults, Vices ----------------- Basics: blame, confusion, coward, crime, criminal, cruelty, curse, failure, jealousy, lie, mistake -- to blame, to boast, to curse, to deceive, to disappoint, to discourage, to fail, to hate, to hesitate, to lie, to quarrel, to steal -- afraid, anxious, bad, cheap, coarse, cruel, false, foolish, mad, shy, stupid, unable, violent Additional: dislike (to, of), arrogance, presumption, self-consciousness, ambition, stubbornness, vanity, narrow-mindedness, cowardice, impudence, greed, hatred, violence, suspicion, vice, injustice, revenge, impatience, envy, to envy s.o. s.th., to detest, to abuse, to moan, to disapprove, to frown on, to grumble, to scorn, to annoy, to ridicule, to flatter, to get excited, unjust, grudging, envious, impatient, impudent, haughty, extravagant, cowardly, detestable, presumptuous, self-conscious, ambitious, selfish, stubborn, timid, indifferent 18. Feelings, State of Mind --------------------------- a) of indifferent kind ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basics: attention, balance, behaviour, determination, equality, feeling, freedom, heart, justice, necessity, patience, soul, tune -- to astonish, to behave, to compose oneself, to determine, to excite, to feel, to surprise -- brave, calm, cold, cool, humble, just, moderate, noble, patient, plain, pure Additional: mood, moderation, compassion, charity, sense of duty, self-confidence, wisdom, emotion, to imitate, to disguise, to indicate, to testify, sociable, talkative, good-natured, sensitive (to) b) of joyous, pleasant kind ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basics: charm, confidence, fortune, friend, fun, hope, joy, laughter, love, luck, pleasure, preference, satisfaction, smile -- to enjoy, to hope, to kiss, to laugh, to love, to please, to prefer, to satisfy, to smile, to support -- bright, charming, dear, faithful, fond, fortunate, friendly, funny, gay [NB: no, not homosexual, but the old meaning!], generous, glad, helpful, lovely, lucky, pleasant, polite, tender Additional: affection, attachment, passion, cheerfulness, predilection, longing (for), embrace, to fascinate, to rely on, to cherish, to pet, attractive, in love with, affectionate, passionate, intimate c) of gloomy, unpleasant kind ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basics: anxiety, cruelty, doubt, fear, fright, offence, pain, pride, shame, worry -- to comfort, to complain, to disappoint, to discourage, to doubt, to fear, to frighten, to hurt, to offend, to suffer, to worry -- angry, anxious, cruel, dull, fearful, hopeless, mad, painful, proud, rude, sad, shy, unfavourable, weak, worse, worst Additional: homesickness, reproach, disgrace, suffering, animosity, hatred, threat, enmity, scorn, dislike, distrust, grief, uneasiness, to despise, to scare, to be horrified, to be aghast, to be alarmed, to dislike, to bore, to be bored, to be annoyed, to scold s.o., to insult, to detest, to upset, to distress, to torture, to bother, to shudder (at), furious, horrible, disdainful, horrid, worrying, desperate, vexing, suspicious, distrustful, malicious, irritable, restless, dissatisfied, gloomy, shameful, upset, startled, embarrassing, disgusting, nasty, indignant, shocking 19. Religion, Religious Feeling ------------------------------- Basics: belief, confidence, conscience, creature, cross, curse, dust, experience, explanation, future, glory, God, grave, guide, harm, heart, heaven, hell, hope, ideal, judge, judg(e)ment, justice, kingdom, leader, loss, lot, luck, mass, meaning, mind, minister, misery, pain, pardon, pity, priest, punishment, religion, shame, spirit, struggle, Sunday, sympathy, tear, wisdom, world -- to believe, to bless, to confess, to cross, to curse, to forgive, to give, to guide, to hate, to help, to hope, to judge, to justify, to pardon, to pass away, to preach, to punish, to suffer -- gentle, good, great, helpful, holy, human, humble, just, painful, religious, solemn, unhappy Additional: Christ, Christian, denomination, creed, redemption, paradise, Providence, angel, prophet, prophecy, apostle, gospel, the Holy Ghost, our Saviour, prayer-book, the Lord's Prayer, the Lord's Supper, the ten commandments, doomsday, the holy scriptures, Bible, chapel/temple, clergyman, clergy, bishop, parish, monk, abbey, pope, divine service, sermon, altar, pulpit, church steeple, sinner, superstition, heathen, to redeem, to damn, to christen, to convert, to meditate (on), to reveal, to create, to prophesy, to worship, to adore, to sin, to repent, to celebrate, to kneel down, to crucify, Christian (adj), pious, divine, immortal, spiritual, clerical, repentant, pagan, superstitious 20. Want, Intention (Act, Deed) ------------------------------- Basics: act, action, activity, advice, agreement, aim, arrangement, attack, attempt, attention, control, intention, jealousy, murder, objection, offence, offer, opposition, protest, resignation, resistance -- to accept, to acquaint, to acquire, to act, to add, to advise, to agree, to aim, to apply, to appoint, to approach, to attract, to cause, to control, to decide, to determine, to hate, to help, to insist on, to move, must, to obey, to object, to offend, to offer, to organize, to overcome, to persuade, to pick, to practise, to prefer, to prepare, to protest, to record, to refuse, to resist -- active, helpful, idle Additional: determination, consent, refusal/argument, embarrassment, predicament, distress, fix (fam.), pretension, pretension, proposition, to conclude (from), to consent (to), to authorize, to be authorized, to strive (for/after), to prohibit, to decline/to tend (to), to be resolved, to argue s.o. (into), to submit (to), embarrassed, prejudiced, pretentious, energetic, staunch, intentionally VI. SOCIETY =========== 21. Family ---------- Basics: aunt, baby, birth, boy, brother, child, cousin, daughter, death, father, girl, husband, man, marriage, Miss, mother, nephew, niece, parents, proposal, relation, relative, widow(er), woman -- to leave, to marry, to separate -- alive, dead, dear, female, male, single Additional: Christian/first name, surname, last name, birthday, tenderness (to), engagement, fiance(e), engaged couple, bride and bridegroom, wedding, maiden name, married couple, honeymoon, dowry, trousseau, offspring, infant/twins, ancestor, grandparents, grandfather/-mother, godfather/-mother, grandchild, son-in-law, brother-/sister-in-law, stepmother, orphan, guardian, bachelor, adult, childhood, generation, heritage, (last) will, to become engaged to, to christen, to baptise, to come of age, to divorce, to bequeath / to inherit, related, akin to, unmarried, paternal / maternal, junior/senior to 22. Social Groups and Relationships ----------------------------------- Basics: a) acquaintance, association, band, citizen, clerk, companion, coward, criminal, critic, crowd, enemy, farmer, fellow, firm, flock, friend, gentleman, judge, king, manager, member, office, officer, official, party, passenger, patient, people, person, player, poet, police, population, president, priest, prisoner, race, ruler, sailor, secretary, servant, slave, university -- to acquaint, to manage -- another, anybody, friendly b) acquaintance, age, circle, club, committee, company, consideration, custom, dance, game, group, guest, marriage, meeting, party, presence, rank, respect, union, visit -- to accompany, to acquaint, to dance, to invite, to join, to marry, to meet, to play, to please, to present, to receive, to visit -- alone, human, old, polite, popular, present, private, public, young Additional: host / hostess, hospitality, spectator/audience, partner, chap (fam.), appointment, interview, politeness, courtesy, celebration, festival, ceremony, festivity, to be courteous, to associate (with), to esteem, to celebrate/to congratulate, civilized, educated, respected, festive 23. Language (cf. 9; 66-68; 71) ------------------------------- a) The spoken and written word (cf. 66-68; 71) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basics: account, advertisement, answer, book, case, cry, examination, greeting, impression, letter, message, name, news, permission, promise, proof, reply, report, sigh, speech, story, study, term, voice, word -- to add, to address, to admit, to advertise, to advise, to answer, to approve, to beg, to chat(ter), to cry, to discuss, to examine, to express, to permit, to persuade, to pray, to preach, to promise, to reply, to report, to represent, to sign, to translate, to voice -- American, commercial, English, excellent, German, popular, solemn Additional: announcement, exclamation, proclamation, conference, discussion, dialogue, debate, dispute, allusion, hint, topic, theme, lecture, hand-writing, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, to announce, to publish, to assure s.o. of s.th., to exclaim, to proclaim, to affirm, to maintain, to communicate (with), to mutter, to murmur, to relate, to stutter / to stammer, to lisp, to gossip, to utter, to yell/to scream, to grumble (at), to allude (to), to hint (at), to interrogate, to retort, to respond (to), to entreat, to implore, to apologize (for), to flatter, to reproach s.o. with s.th., to contradict, to menace, to admonish (of), appropriate, adequate, elegant, meaningful, eminent, earnest, trite, Italian, Spanish, Latin b) Kinds of expression in language (cf. 66-68; 71) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basics: address, agreement, application, comparison, copy, declaration, deed, description, example, exercise, inquiry, issue, judg(e)ment, lie, list, manner, opinion, outline, page, paper, pass, question, record, silence, song -- to admit, to copy, to declare, to describe, to discuss, to excuse, to inquire, to lie, to list, to order, to record, to repeat, to report, to sing Additional: data, proposition, criticism, compliment, refusal, questionnaire, inspection, consultation, to exaggerate, to overdo, to consult, to inspect, to indicate, to testify (to), to deny, to decline, to oblige, to reject, witty, sensible, cautious, daring, accurate, silly, shameful, in compliance with 24. Clothing, Jewellery ----------------------- Basics: appearance, arrangement, art, article, basket, beauty, body, chain, clothes, coat, collar, colour, cotton, crown, expense, fashion, fur, gift, glove, gold, hat, jewel, leather, metal, piece, pin, pocket, shoe, silver, simplicity, skin, skirt, sleeve, stone, straw, suit, thread, tie, treasure, value, veil -- to attach, to attract, to change, to cut, to fasten, to flash, to give, to shine, to weave -- available, beautiful, dirty, expensive, fine, glorious, grand, modern, modest, pretty, silver, simple, small, thin, tight Additional: textiles, tissue, fabric, rayon, velvet, wardrobe, tailor-made/ready-made suit, costume, evening dress/gown, dinner-jacket, a pair of trousers, drawers, pants, bathing suit / trunks, lining, pattern, jacket, braces, tie-, scarf-pin, waistcoat, linen / underwear, pyjamas (pyjamas), cloak / rain-coat, hood, zip-fastener, wrist-watch, wallet, purse, slippers, sole, shoelace, bootlace, shoestring, sock, dry-cleaning, blouse, scarf, hand-bag, petticoat / frock, robe, apron, pearl, necklace, bracelet, brooch, jewellery, ear-ring, hair-pin, fan, wedding-ring, buckle, to alter, to undress, to knit, to embroider, to darn/to patch/to mend, to lace, to dye / to starch, to soak, to rinse, to adorn, to disguise, fashionable, old-fashioned, close fitting, slack, waterproof, worn off / shabby, threadbare, ragged, stained, barefooted, naked, gorgeous, artificial 25. Night Rest -------------- Basics: bed, camp, chair, clock, curtain, cushion, dream, evening, fold, home, house, knee, night, room, sheet, shirt, sweat -- to arise, to go to bed, to dream, to fold, to lie down -- asleep, awake, calm, comfortable Additional: bedroom, bedding, bedstead, blanket / quilt, pillow, pillow-case/-slip, mattress, bed-clothes, linen, bedside-rug/-table, hot water-bottle, to tire (out), to be exhausted, to relax, to slumber, fatigued, exhausted, peaceful, sleepless 26. Morning Toilet ------------------ Basics: bath, beard, body, bottle, bow, bowl, box, brush, button, cap, care, charm, cloth, comb, cup, curl, dish, face, flavour, hair, hand, health, help, knot, light, lip, milk, pencil, pin, plate, pot, remedy, salt, shade, shadow, shoe, skin, skirt, sleeve, soap, stuff, table, throat, tooth, towel, treatment, vessel, water -- to care, to clear, to comb, to dry, to mix, to rub, to smell, to spread, to wash -- careful, careless, charming, cold, electrical, healthy, helpful, hot, loud, practical, strong, tender, thorough Additional: bathroom, dressing-table, toilet set, tub, sponge, wash-cloth/-basin, tooth-brush/-paste, (stick of) shaving soap, electric/safety razor, razor blade, hair brush, nail scissors/file, nail varnish, beauty cream, face powder / lipstick, permanent/cold wave, beauty treatment, complexion, wig, water-closet, W.C., lavatory, hygiene, painstaking VII. Order ========== 27. Division and Importance (Meaning) ------------------------------------- Basics: absence, action, activity, character, condition, consideration, course, energy, equality, force, group, importance, intention, kind, management, mass, measure, member, party, person, regard, resignation, respect, responsibility, result, title, type -- to consider, to consist (of), to divide, to form, to group, to handle, to insist, to prefer, to resign -- absent, absolute, considerable, detailed, immense, important, particular, responsible, solemn, special Additional: distribution, scheme, schedule, planning, foreground, background, grade, to subdivide into, to dispose/to postpone, to grade, to scheme, punctual, minute, minute, initial, exceedingly, excessively 28. Order --------- Basics: appointment, arrangement, beginning, class, end, order, position, preference, rank, rest, system -- to accompany, to appoint, to arrange, to attach, to begin, to change, to class, to count, to distribute, to finish, to follow, to order, to prefer, to steer, to stop -- alike, almost, apart, aside, away, backwards, behind, beneath, beside, between, beyond Additional: order of the day, agenda, succession, series (pl series), procession, column, file, variation, to string together, to stand in line, to file, to vary, to upset (upset, upset), variable, isolated, one upon the other, side by side, logical, systematic, successive/successively, nevertheless 29. Comparison -------------- Basics: comparison, difference, distance, opposition, rate, sort -- to compare, to cover, to distinguish, to sort -- common, contrary, different, distant, distinct, equal, independent, inferior, irregular, like rare, such -- better, best, extraordinary, least, likely, more Additional: contrast, parallel, identity, identity card, similarity, uniformity, to oppose (to/against), to contrast (with), to parallel, to uniform, comparable (to/with), reverse, parallel, similar, identical, uniform, equivalent, constantly, in contrast to, in opposition to 30. Cause, Impact, Connection (cf. 19/20; 31; 63/64) ---------------------------------------------------- Basics: advance, attraction, cause, connection, control, effect, end, force, origin, reality, reason, result, source, success, yield -- to act, to add, to advance, to arise, to attract, to bind, to cause, to combine, to connect, to disturb, to end, to join, to realize, to result, to succeed, to yield -- actual, original, possible, real -- according to, afterwards, against, although, anyhow, because, before, former, further, since Additional: proportion, conclusion, viewpoint, point of view, aspect, motive, refection/reflexion, provocation, consequence, circumstance, to disagree (with), to be subject (to), to relate (to), proportionate to, corresponding to, deliberately, inconsiderately, comparatively, possibly 31. Destiny (cf. 19/20; 30) --------------------------- Basics: accident, adventure, birth, chance, complaint, confusion, death, decision, defeat, determination, end, event, failure, favour, fit, fortune, future, hope, life, lot, mercy, necessity, situation, will -- to bind, to break, to complain, to confuse, to decide, to defeat, to determine, to escape, to fail, to feel, to obey, to resist, to support, to threaten -- blind, careless, extraordinary, extreme, hopeless, human, necessary, sad, serious, splendid, sudden, unhappy, vain, violent Additional: destiny, sphere of influence, temptation, intervention, interference (with), destination, inducement, to prompt, to interfere (in/with), to destine (for; to), to induce (to), influential, tempting, brutal / fierce, inhuman VIII. ORGANISATION OF A STATE ============================= 32. People, State, Government ----------------------------- Basics: address, admiration, agreement, citizen, committee, government, group, head, importance, impression, influence, instruction, intention, king, kingdom, leader, liberty, message, minister, nation, native, opinion, order, party, pass, people, population, president, program(me), public, queen, rank, recommendation, record, reform, report, representative, resignation, respect, ruler, system, view, voice, vote -- to approve, to govern, to head, to increase, to inform, to insist, to intend, to know, to organize, to propose, to recommend, to record, to reform, to represent, to side, to voice, to vote -- absolute, civil, independent, national, native, political, public, responsible, solemn Additional: federal state, republic, monarchy, sovereign, emperor, tyrant, democracy, the House of Lords/Commons, right to vote / voter, election campaign, majority of votes, ballot, ballot-box, poll, legislation, act of Parliament, program(me), platform (Am), politician, session, delegate, member of Parliament (MP), resolution, supporter, opponent, cabinet, Prime Minister, Foreign Office, Foreign Secretary, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Secretary of State for Home Affairs, Lord Chancellor, ambassador, treaty, national flag, decoration, inhabitant, revolution / rebellion, conspiracy, riot, state of emergency, institution, responsibility (for, of), independence, human rights, treason, aristocracy, to negotiate, to abdicate, to authorize, to contribute, to abolish, to reject, to nationalize, to pension off, to riot, to demonstrate, royal / republican, aristocratic, democratic, parliamentary, official, radical, overwhelming, riotous, rebellious, treacherous 33. Jurisdiction ---------------- Basics: account, act, action, advantage, blame, book, business, case, cause, chair, commerce, complaint, concern, conscience, court, crime, criminal, deal, debt, delay, doubt, effect, fact, faith, fine, law, matter, murder, mystery, need, offence, owner, pardon, possession, prejudice, property, rent, suit, trial, wrong -- to acquire, to act, to admit, to arrest, to borrow, to complain, to delay, to doubt, to lay claim to, to let, to lie, to murder, to owe, to pardon, to possess, to punish, to swear -- aware, busy, commercial, guilty, mysterious, real Additional: jurisdiction, common law, privilege, charter, licence, law-court, jury, penal law/code, decree, legal proceedings, law-suit, justice of the peace, sheriff, lawyer, violation, accusation, defendant, warrant, evidence, investigation, confession, sentence, penalty, imprisonment, confinement, gaol, jail / cell, penal servitude, condemnation, conviction, capital punishment, execution, torture/suspicion, murderer / robber, swindler, pickpocket, burglar / burglary, oath, perjury, bribery/caution, corruption, denial, offender, reputation, to accuse (of), to fine, to execute, to summon, to interrogate, to incriminate / to exonerate, to discharge, to testify, to assert, to deny, to convict/to suspect, to impose, to inflict, to release / to acquit, to confiscate to condemn, to investigate, to plead, to slander, to bribe, to extort (from), legal, unlawful, illegal, innocent, suspicious, legitimate, frightful, evident, unjust, aggravating / extenuating 34. Administration and Police ----------------------------- Basics: activity, admission, advice, amount, application, appointment, arrangement, association, bill, control, customs, direction, efficiency, improvement, management, notice, officer, official, order, police, post, request, staff, tax -- to acquaint, to advise, to appoint, to approve, to arrange, to ask, to beg, to bind, to control, to direct, to effect, to forbid, to issue, to manage, to tax -- economical, local Additional: community, municipality, authorities, town council, mayor, Civil Service, administration, department, magistrate, certificate, birth/marriage certificate, passport, driving-license (Am driver's license), building-licence, registry office, Marriage License Bureau (Am), signature, fire-brigade, hose, police station, legal closing time, inspector, flying squad, plain-clothes men, fingerprints, beat, precaution, regulation, intervention, status, residence, residence permit, country of origin, visa, customs duties/inspection, custom-house, customs official/officer, civil servant, public notice, to register, to circulate, to consult, to announce, to suspend, to certify, municipal, secure 35. Military: Army ------------------ Basics: absence, advance, adventure, appearance, arch, arms, army, art, attempt, attention, ball, band, bank, battle, belt, blood, boat, body, camp, cap, charge, check, company, courage, coward, cut, danger, dead, death, defeat, defence, division, duty, enemy, energy, failure, field, fire, flag, flame, flight, force, front, glory, guard, gun, hill, iron, leave, life, man, officer, protection, quarters, range, resistance, sacrifice, shot, signal, soldier, staff, stroke, struggle, sword, tent, theatre, training, zone -- to accompany, to aim, to appear, to approach, to arrange, to attack, to attempt, to be off (on) duty, to burst, to conquer, to crush, to defend, to die, to dig, to discourage, to distinguish, to encourage, to fail, to fence, to fight, to fly, to guard, to hurt, to kill, to knock, to occupy, to overcome, to protest, to quarter, to reserve, to resist, to sacrifice, to shoot, to signal, to struggle -- able, aboard, abroad, absent, killed in action, active, ahead, around, backward(s), bold, brave, considerable, hard, strong Additional: armed forces, regiment, detachment, squadron, section, commander(-in-chief), colonel, major, first/second lieutenant, recruit, private, corporal, sergeant, infantry / artillery, engineers, signal corps, badge, unit, uniform, steel helmet, kit-bag, equipment, fire-arm, rifle, machine gun, pistol, rocket, tank, trench, patrol, ammunition, cartridge, shell, bullet, manoeuvre (Am maneuver), barracks, parade, parade / drill-ground, sentry, call-up (Am draft), reserves, flag, colours, volunteer, garrison, to drill, to salute, to blow up (blew, blown), to equip, to detail, to launch a rocket, to recruit, to enlist, to explode, to fire off, to volunteer, to call up (Am to draft), defenceless, explosive 36. Military: Navy, Air Force (cf. 57/58) ----------------------------------------- Basics: cf. 57/58 Additional: navy / naval port, warship, man-of-war, battleship, submarine, cruiser, destroyer, aircraft carrier, training ship, admiral, Royal Air Force (R.A.F.), (aero)plane (Am air plane), aerodrome, airfield (Am airdrome), airport, hangar, anti-aircraft defence, pursuit plane, jet fighter, air-raid, air-raid protection, A.R.P., air-raid warning/precautions/shelter, searchlight, black-out, all-clear, siren, gas-mask, incendiary/explosive bomb, atomic/hydrogen bomb, splinter, air-lift, airborne troops, air photo(graph), air-/naval battle, air-/naval base, parachute (troops), parachutist, to hoist/to lower a flag, to cast/to weigh an anchor, to go down, to blow up, to dive, to submerge, to devastate, to ravage, naval, bomb-proof, airtight 37. War and Peace ----------------- Basics: agreement, anxiety, arrangement, cause, committee, condition, confusion, connection, consideration, course, coward, cruelty, delay, despair, determination, event, exception, failure, fate, fear, fright, harm, hate, issue, news, note, opportunity, peace, problem, proposal, protest, quarrel, reason, regard, regret, relief, result, risk, safety, terms, victory, war -- to argue, to arrange, to bear, to confuse, to decide, to delay, to despair, to determine, to disagree, to fear, to finish, to frighten, to hate, to propose, to protest, to quarrel, to regret, to relieve, to ruin, to make war on -- anxious, awful, rule, delicate, fearful, foreign, nervous, reasonable, safe, unhappy, urgent, waste Additional: armament, disarmament, campaign, ally / the Allied, alliance, theatre of operations/of war, invasion, conquest, conqueror, assault, aggressor, assailant, raid, volley, bloodshed, combat, radar, explosion, causalities, retreat, pursuit, treason, traitor (traitress), surrender, prisoner of war (POW), captivity, captivity, occupation troops, martial law, negotiation, armistice, peace treaty, conclusion of peace, neutrality, warrior, warfare, field hospital, war criminal, heroic deed, hero pl heroes), victor, cowardice, refugee, to make/to wage war on, to ally, to assault, to raid, to encircle, to disarm, to release (from), to surrender, to plunder, to lay waste, to smash, to withdraw (-drew, -drown)/to retreat (from), to outnumber, to pierce, to vanquish, to betray, warlike, decisive, desperate, unconditional, captive, missing, traitorous, treacherous, alarming, disturbing, unequal, heroic, victorious, bloody, cowardly IX. ECONOMY =========== 38. Work and working conditions ------------------------------- Basics: accident, account, advantage, agreement, application, arrangement, deed, energy, gain, job, labour, mechanic, pay, payment, profession, raise, rate, reward, salary, union, wage(s), wage-earner, work -- to advance, to agree, to attend, to earn, to employ, to engage, to enter, to gain, to hire, to pay, to unite, to work -- careful, careless, joint, unable, unemployed, (un)favourable, (un)healthy Additional: vocation, calling/career, Labour Office/Exchange, vocational adviser, vacancy, applicant (for), income / livelihood, economy, insurance, labour/working conditions, working class, tariff, employer / employee, personell, staff, working hours, unemployment, vacation, pay envelope / wage slip, (shorthand) typist, unemployed, out of work, industrial, industrious, diligent / energetic, efficient, imperative, indispensable 39. Craft (cf. 46) ------------------ Basics: bag, baggage, basket, bed, beef, beer, belt, bench, block, boat, bow, bowl, box, bread, brick, brush, bunch, butcher, button, cake, can, cap, chair, coat, cup, curl, cushion, dress, fashion, hair, hat, key, kitchen, knife, ladder, lamp, leaf, meat, model, nail, needle, order, organ, paint, painter, paper, piece, pocket, practice, price, profit, quality, quantity, rope, saddle, saw, scissors, shirt, sleeve, stroke, tailor, tie, tool, towel, trunk, tube, wall, watch, wear, weight, wheel -- to beat, to bend, to bind, to break, to build, to cast, to curl, to cut, to exercise, to fold, to furnish, to kill, to make, to nail, to order, to paint, to polish, o produce, to rub, to scrape, to screw, to stamp, to strike, to throw, to turn, to twist, to wear, to weave, to weigh, to wind, to wipe, to wrap -- careful, careless, modern, smooth, tight Further verbs and adjectives cf. 38. Additional: craft, craftsman, artisan, journeyman, apprentice, apprenticeship, workshop, implement, mason, bricklayer, baker, miller, hair-dresser, barber, carpenter, joiner, upholsterer, glazier, plumber, smith / locksmith, saddler, shoemaker, watchmaker, optician, bookseller, printer, engineer, furrier, weaver, spinner, carrier, dressmaker, chimney-sweep, miner, anvil, chisel, screw-driver, drill, gimlet, plane, file, spanner, wrench, joiner's bench, vice, hatchet, a pair of pincers, to slaughter, to grind (ground, ground), to solder, to spin (spun, spun), to tan, to dye, to gild / to plate, to glaze, to plane, to bore, to melt, to found, to sharpen, to weld, to rivet (to), to utilize, to adjust, to produce s.o. s.th., to transport, by means of, crafty, intensive 40. Industry (cf. 38/39) ------------------------ Basics: advertisement, affair, association, bargain, bicycle, bill, book, branch, bridge, business, car, carriage, chief, clothes, control, cost, deal, factory, field, firm, head, industry, inquiry, make, management, manager, market, mass, mine, model, order, plant, plate, price, production, profit, quality, quantity, representative, return, sale, seat, staff, test, toy, trade, training, treatment, trial, type, want, wear, work(s), yield -- to advertise, to buy, to control, to cost, to effect, to establish, to manage, to order, to produce, to provide, to sell, to send, to supply, to test, to wear, to work, to yield -- busy, economical, expensive, ugly, waste Further verbs and adjectives cf. 38/39 Additional: key-/heavy/basic/motor industry, enterprise, cotton/paper/rolling/saw mill, spinning/weaving mill, iron-/glass works, coal-mine, colliery, coal-pit, shaft, foundry, blast-furnace, quarry, laboratory, inventor, apparatus, crane, conveyor belt, assembly line, lathe, process, finished products/goods, trade-mark, shut-down, lock-out, shift, manufacturer, industrial, enterprising, brand-new 41. Resources and Materials --------------------------- Basics: ball, band, bar, chain, chalk, cloth, gold, iron, leather, material, means, parcel, sack, salt, sand, seed, sheet, shell, skin, snow, soap, soil, sort, steam, steel, stock, stone, store, straw, string, stripe, stuff, sugar, thread, water, wire, wood -- to solve, to sort, to supply, to unload, to win -- bad, broad, hard, soft, solid, sour, stiff, strong, tender, thin, tight, weak Additional: mineral, copper, lead, brass, platinum, sheet-iron, quicksilver, sulphur, peat, tar, sand-stone, gravel, pebble, clay, limestone, rock-salt, granite, marble / slate, plaster of Paris, rubber / resin, uranium, raw silk / silk dress, crystal, copper coin, iron bar, leather coat, fluid, steely Further adjectives cf. basic vocabulary 42. House-building: Building and Planning ------------------------------------------ Basics: admission, arrangement, bottom, building, circle, condition, cottage, destruction, difficulty, effort, farm, front, ground, home, hotel, house, inn, iron, metal, middle, place, plan, position, rent, scale, shelter, simplicity, size, slope, soil, space, spot, square, stage, station, tent, theatre, tower, view -- to add, to arrange, to attach, to build, to destroy, to develop, to handle, to plan, to rent -- difficult, expensive, flat, irregular, simple, square -- above, around, aside, behind, beneath, beside, under Additional: structure, site, construction, foundation, blue print, beam, pole, concrete, timber (Am lumber), dwelling-house, block of flats (Am apartment house), to erect, to raise, to construct, to enlarge, to enlarge, stately / neat, magnificent, splendid, insanitary, cosy, snug 43. House-building: Buildings (cf. 54) -------------------------------------- Basics: brick, court, cross, flight of stairs, floor, frame, garden, gate, glass, grass, hall, key, passage, screw, stairs, steel, step, stone, story, story, tool, wall, well, wood -- to cover, to fasten, to move, to occupy, to open, to rent, to scrape, to stay, to step -- broad, empty, high, think Additional: dwelling/lodgings, ground-/(Am) first floor, threshold, front-door, basement, nursery, pantry, sitting-/living-room, water-closet, lavatory, ceiling, pane, shutter, lift (Am elevator), pillar, to unlock, to lodge, to reside, to dwell (dwelt, dwelt), spacious, furnished, tidy, resident/living at, steep 44. Furniture, Equipment ------------------------ Basic: bar, bath, bed, bell, chair, clock, curtain, furniture, key, kitchen, picture, piece, sheet, table -- to arrange, to bathe, to beat, to fasten -- ancient, beautiful, hard, high, low, modern, nice, old, poor, rich, round, simple, solid, thick Additional: household, wardrobe / cupboard, sideboard, desk, writing table, easy chair, sofa / couch, chest of drawers, carpet (Am rug), looking-glass, mirror, piano / grand piano, stool, radio/television set, waste-paper basket, refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, dustbin (Am ash can), sewing-machine, coffee-ill, typewriter, upholstery, to tone with, to tidy (Am to straighten up), elegant 45. Heating and Lightning ------------------------- Basics: coal, electricity, fire, gas, heat, lamp, light, match, range, screen, smoke, wood -- to burn, to flash, to hang, to heat, to light, to shine, to smoke -- clear, cold, dark, electric(al), hot, light, warm Additional: fire-place, firing, central heating, stove / stove-pipe, fuel, (electric) bulb, spark, match-box, candle, lighter, electric torch, flash light, socket, outlet, to kindle, to extinguish, brightly lit 46. Household Goods ------------------- Basics: bag, balance, ball, barrel, basin, belt, bench, board, bottle, bowl, box, brush, can, cap, clock, cover, curtain, cushion, glass, hammer, knife, ladder, object, paint, pan, pen, pencil, pin, pipe, plate, string, thread, towel -- to attach, to bend, to brush,k to cast, to clean, to cut, to damage, to empty, to fasten, to paint, to polish, to repair, to scrape, to take off, to tie -- economic(al), necessary, new, sharp, solid, useful Additional: tray, shovel, broom(stick), china, jug, pail, bucket, sieve, hook, corkscrew, ash-tray, ironing-board, wax, glue, to hook, to sieve, to wax, to grind (ground, ground), to tie on, blunt, sticky 47. Wholesale Trade ------------------- Basics: account, activity, address, advantage, affair, amount, arrangement, article, association, average, balance, bill, book, business, call, carriage, coal, commerce, company, complaint, cost, cotton, damage, deal, debt, demand, disadvantage, expense, form, gain, inquiry, message, order, origin, plant, profit, progress, representative, request, request, requirement, result, return, risk, ruin, sale, total, trade, yield -- to address, to advance, to amount, to balance, to buy, to call, to carry, to cost, to cover, to damage, to deliver, to estimate, to gain, to inquire, to order, to organize, to profit, to provide, to require, to reserve, to rise, to risk, to ruin, to satisfy, to sell, to send, to supply, to total, to trade, to yield -- available, on the average, busy, commercial, expensive, extraordinary, extreme, original Additional: wholesale/foreign trade, Chamber of Commerce (Am Board of Trade), joint-stock company, importation/exportation, purchase, customer, competitor, ware-, storehouse, sample, specimen, merchandise, pattern, liability, invoice, gross/net weight, catalogue, receipt, trade-mark, delivery, dispatch, conveyance, cargo (pl cargoes), partner, to execute, to import, to dispatch, to convey, to compete with, profitable, slack, confidential 48. Bank (cf. 47) ----------------- Basics: account, balance, change, check, confidence, debt, deed, expense, gold, list, metal, money, owner, possession, property, protest, savings, silver, statement, stock, terms, value, worth -- to balance, to change, to draw, to exchange, to gather, to list, to owe, to own, to possess, to protest, to save, to solve, to spare -- available, false, more, much, own, valuable Additional: exchange, cheque (Am check), cheque-book, currency, savings-bank, cash, ready money, bank-note (Am bill), rate of exchange/of interest, bill (of exchange), credit, funds, debtor, security, investment / transfer, to deposit, to secure form, to invest, to credit s.o., to reckon, to transfer, ample, secure / fireproof Further verbs and adjectives cf. 47; 49. 49. RETAIL TRADE (cf. 47/48) ---------------------------- Basics: article, bag, balance, bill, bowl, box, butcher, button, can, clothes, coat, coffee, container, cost, cream, demand, detail, display, expense, gain, profit, recommendation, rest, return, sale, shop, show, stock, store, stuff, total, trunk -- to balance, to buy, to cost, to cut, to demand, to display, to drive, to fold, to furnish, to gain, to please, to point, to polish, to profit, to recommend, to return, to get rid of, to rise, to satisfy, to sell, to send, to shop, to store, to supply, to total -- expensive, pleasant, strange Additional: retail trade, store(s) (Am department store / supermarket), baker's/butcher's/grocer's shop, benefit, proprietor, shop-/show-window, closing-time, counter, shop-assistant(-girl), clearance sale, turn-over, consumption / consumer, purchaser, depression, item, surplus, label, publicity, enclosure, enclosed, surplus Further adjectives cf. 47. 50. Restaurant, Café, Hotel --------------------------- a) In General ~~~~~~~~~~ Basics: account, arrival, bag, baggage, bar, bill, business, call, chair, change, coin, demand, dinner, hotel, hunger, inn, journey, kitchen, lunch, payment, plenty, price, profit, provisions, rest, sale, soap, sort, stay, store, sum, supper, supply, telephone, television, tip, waste, wire -- to acquire, to arrive, to ask, to call, to demand, to eat, to feed, to fetch, to fold, to iron, to pay, to press, to profit, to rest, to sell, to sleep, to stay, to store, to supply, to swallow, to telephone, to treat, to wait -- asleep, awake, busy, cheap, expensive, hungry, polite Additional: restaurant, public house (pub), cafeteria, fare, bill of fare, menu, feast, banquet, dessert, board and lodging, boarding-house, waiter, innkeeper, host(ess), tablecloth, youth hostel, to slumber/to relax, to lie awake, to starve to death, to refresh, to feast, to chew, to digest, sleepy, sleepless, weary (with), scanty, meagre, refreshing, luxurious, substantial b) Food ~~~~ Basics: basket, bean, beef, bone, bread, butcher, butter, cake, can, cheese, cherry, chicken, cook, cream,dinner, dish, duck, fork, game, ham, heart, honey, jam, knife, meat, orange, pear, plate, roll, salt, shoulder, soup, stomach, sugar, taste, tin, tooth -- to bring, to cook, to cut, to melt, to prefer, to prepare, to taste -- cold, fat, fresh, hot, lean, raw, sour, tender, warm Additional: appetite (for), veal / pork / mutton, roast meat/chop, sauce / gravy, salad, poultry, spice / pepper, sandwich, toast, scrambled eggs / fried egg, sausage, slice, pastry, whipped cream, preserves, porridge, cereals, mashed potatoes, chocolate, peach / plum, strawberry / gooseberry / raspberry, pea / cabbage, cucumber / cauliflower, lettuce / spinach, tomato / onion, radish, lemon / grape, herring, to toast, to rot, to pepper, to squeeze, to fry, to peel, to flavour, to season, rotten, juicy, well done, tasty / tasteless c) Beverages ~~~~~~~~~ Basics: bar, barrel, beer, bottle, coffee, drink, milk, sugar, tea, thirst, water, wine -- to drink, to empty, to fill, to prefer, to warm -- bitter, cold, cool, dry, excellent, fresh, hot, light, strong, thick, thirsty, warm Additional: spirits (pl) / alcohol, ale, brandy / whisky / punch, orange- / lemon-juice, soft drink, chocolate, cork, drunkenness, to get drunk, exquisite, delicious 51. Wealth, Poverty ------------------- Basics: failure, harm, hunger, lack, load, loss, lot, means, problem, simplicity, sorrow, waste, wealth, wreck -- to acquire, to disappoint, to earn, to frighten, to hesitate, to hurt, to lose, to overcome, to receive, to recover, to reduce -- awful, bad, cruel, dull, economic(al), enough, fortunate, happy, hard, healthy, helpful, honest, hopeless, humble, hungry, idle, little, low, lucky, merry, moderate, modest, painful, poor, rich, scarce, simple, slight, small, terrible, unable, unhappy, wealthy Additional: riches (pl), landed property / landowner, income / pension, abundance / poverty, distress, to prosper, to augment / to heap up, prosperous, abundant (in) / thrifty, well-to-do 52. Farming: Arable Farming --------------------------- Basics: desert, farm, farmer, field, flour, grain, growth, harvest, machine, management, manager, market, meadow, nature, origin, plant, plough, potato, profit, rain, season, seed, shower, spring, straw, weather, weight, wheat, wind, winter, yard -- to boil, to cultivate, to gather, to grow, to harvest, to manage, to pick, to plough, to produce, to profit, to sow -- fat, natural, original, wet Additional: farming, agriculture, countryman / farmer, countrywoman, farmhouse, estate, plantation / cultivation, pasture, hay / clover, barley / rye / oats (pl), combine, rake, bran, fertilizer, to ripen, to reap, to drain, rural, barren / fertile, mature 53. Farming: Livestock Farming, Animals --------------------------------------- Basics: animal, beast, beef, beetle, bird, bit, blood, body, calf, cat, cattle, cock, cow, dog, fat, feather, fish, flight, flock, fly, foot, goose, head, hen, horse, insect, milk, mouse, neck, nose, ox, pig, saddle, sheep, skin, tail, throat, weight, wing, wool, worm -- to attach, to drink, to eat, to fee, to fish, to fly, to live, to load, to raise, to sing -- fat, gentle, live, raw, strong, tall Additional: shed / stable (Am. barn), dog-kennel, cattle-breeding, herd, bull, pet, pig-sty, fowl, dove, pigeon, turkey, rabbit, rat, bee-keeping, paw, hoof / horseshoe, shepherd, to graze, to breed (bred, bred), to pet, to pat, to hiss, to whine, to glide, fierce, savage 54. Horticulture ---------------- Basics: berry, bloom, blossom, bunch, bush, fence, flower, forest, fruit, garden, grass, leaf, piece, plant, pump, tree, trunk, wood -- to burn, to burst, to cut, to fall, to produce -- to bloom, to blossom, blue, bitter, brown, fresh, green, red, tender, wet, white, wild, yellow, young Additional: gardener / gardening, hedge / lane, flower-bed, gravel-path, orchard, shrub, apple-/cherry-/pear-/plum-tree, vine, lawn, birch / poplar / beech / fir, chestnut / lime-tree, lilac, bough / bark / foliage, hothouse, greenhouse, watering-can, -pot, hose, spade, bouquet / wreath, flower-shop, to pluck, to wreathe, neglected, acid X. TRAFFIC, TRAVELLING ====================== 55. Mail -------- Basics: address, amount, answer, box, call, card, figure, letter, line, mail, message, news, parcel, post, press, stamp, telephone, wire -- to address, to answer, to bring, to call, to collect, to exchange, to forward, to give back, to mail, to receive, to telephone, to wire -- abroad, foreign, rare Additional: letter-, pillar-box (Am. mailbox), postage, post-office, postman (Am. letter carrier), (picture) postcard, special delivery (letter), registered letter, postmark, printed matter, stationery, note-paper, envelope, sender/addressee, money/postal order, postal cheque (Am. check) account, post-office box (P.O.B.), telephone directory, local/trunk call, (telephone) operator, telegraph, telegram/wire form, wireless/radio message, to cable/telegraph, to wire, to register, to dictate, postal, telegraphic, postage free / subject to postage, registered, central 56. Railroad ------------ Basics: accident, acquaintance, arrival, baggage, bench, comfort, companion, company, container, guide, luggage, net, passenger, payment, rail, rate, return, ticket, seat, signal, smoke, trunk -- to accompany, to arrive, to catch, to guide, to interrupt, to lie, to occupy, to pay, to ride, to signal, to sit, to stay, to steam, to stop, to travel, to trip, to welcome, to whistle -- backward(s), comfortable, heavy, long, regular, second Additional: booking- (Am. ticket) office, timetable / fare, departure, platform, passenger/express train, goods (Am. freight) train, sleeping-/dining-car, (luggage) van (Am. baggage car), engine, locomotive, truck, junction, compartment, relief train, supplementary ticket, rails (Am. track), tunnel, signalman (Am. guard), guard (Am. conductor), porter, barrier, ticket-collector (Am. gateman), emergency brake, collision, break of journey (Am. stopover), cloakroom, (left-)luggage office (Am. check-room), luggage rack, luggage ticket (Am. baggage check), suit-case, underground (tube; Am. subway), to clip, to punch, to get in, to pull in, to take leave, to stop over at, to convert, to collide, reduced, crowded, reserved, occupied, taken 57. Ship (cf. 36; 56) --------------------- Basics: arrival, baggage, bank, boat, captain, coast, country, crossing, current, customs, fish, harbour, luggage, flood, island, journey, lake, land, length, load, motion, movement, pass, passage, passenger, payment, race, record, river, room, sail, sailor, salt, sand, sea, shell, ship, shore, stairs, steam, storm, stream, sun, surface, vessel, voyage, water, wave, weather, wind, wreck, zone -- to arrive, to fish, to float, to lean, to pay, to sail, to save, to shock, to stir, to swim -- aboard, abroad, across, beyond, deep, rough, round, smooth, wet Additional: navigation, steamer, merchant chip, merchant-man, fishing boat/trawler, sailing-boat/-ship, -vessel, life-boat/belt, cabin, anchor, deck, mast / bow, lighthouse, shipwreck, docks (pl), oar, leak, pilot, crew, steward, ferry(-boat), seaway, tempest, seasickness, to ride at anchor, to put to sea, to dock / to reach port, to embark (for), to ferry across, navigable, tempestuous, wavy, sea-going/seasick 58. Airplane (cf. 36; 56) ------------------------- Basics: accident, arrival, baggage, balance, belt, captain, cloud, crash, crossing, customs, direction, earth, east, engine, entrance, flight, guest, haste, heaven, height, hurry, level, luggage, machine, map, motor, north, observation, oil, pass, passenger, payment, seat, sky, soil, south, space, stairs, start, stripe, sun, trip, weather, west, window, wing, world -- to advance, to approach, to arise, to arrive, to cover, to crash, to enter, to fall, to fly, to hurry, to number, to observe, to oil, to pay, to reach, to recognize, to shake, to sink, to start -- aboard, abroad, ahead, awful, beneath, beyond, expensive, far, foreign, high, quick, smooth, solid Additional: air-traffic, aviator, airman, pilot, wireless (Am. radio) operator, aircraft engine, range (of flight), airliner / jet plane, glider, helicopter, runway, landing-field, -strip, landing-gear, fuselage, propeller, cockpit, gliding/non-stop flight, supersonic speed, (forced) landing, take-off, visibility, to pilot, to hover, to refuel, smashed, visible 59. Car, Bicycle etc. (cf. 60) ------------------------------ Basics: accident, bend, bicycle, body, bus, call, car, carriage, crash, curve, customs, damage, danger, engine, finish, gas, line, mile, motor, oil, petrol, price, road, slope, speed, stop, trip, way, wheel, wind, window -- to approach, to bend, to block, to call, to catch, to crash, to damage, to drive, to oil, to open, to repair, to run, to rush, to slip, to start, to stop, to turn -- beside, dangerous, fast, old, open, slow, violent Additional: means of communication/transportation, vehicle, (motor-)car (Am. automobile) / motor bus, lorry (Am. truck), (motor-)scooter, motor-cycle, cyclist, driver / motorist, tank, bottom/second/third gear, reverse gear, horn / mudguard, bonnet, front/rear wheel, tyre (Am. tire), headlight, windscreen (Am. wind-shield), road/traffic sign, traffic signal/light, highway / motorway, speed-limit, spare parts, taxi(-cab), traffic accident, turn, parking-place, car park (Am. parking lot), repair-shop, filling/(Am. gas)/service station, detour, street refuge (Am. safety zone), traffic police, traffic regulation, Highway Code, first-aid station, to pump up, to inflate, to dim the headlights, to hock, to overhaul, to tow off, to overtake (-took, -taken), to skid, to overturn, to upset, tubeless, abrupt, prudent, tragic(al) 60. City Traffic and Sights (cf. 59) ------------------------------------ Basics: beggar, box, bridge, capital, castle, church, cinema, circle, city, clock, club, collection, cross, crossing, crowd, display, district, flag, flat, garden, hall, market, park, plan, pool, population, public, quarter, sight, sport, spot, square, street, theatre, town, traffic, tram, walk, wall -- to admire, to build, to collect, to crush, to flash, to happen, to play, to walk -- beautiful, broad, clean, flat, opposite, plain, splendid Additional: pedestrian, thoroughfare, rush hour, one-way street / by-street, avenue, pavement (Am. sidewalk), suburb, surroundings (pl), environs (pl), market-place / stall, circus, skyscraper, museum, monument / statue, chapel, fountain, lantern, tram (Am. street car), power-station/gasworks (pl), slaughter-house, interior, access, mayor, to pave, to erect, to get lost, to wander away/about, animated, renowned, in memory of XI. SPORTS ========== 61. Sports (cf. 12) ------------------- Basics: accident, activity, address, admiration, application, ashes, association, club, companion, courage, cup, cut, danger, defeat, defence, fun, game, glory, group, jump, kick, leather, mile, net, play, player, race, result, ride, saddle, speed, sport, struggle -- to accompany, to admire, to astonish, to break off, to cheer, to compare, to cut, to defeat, to defend, to discourage, to disappoint, to encourage, to fight, to jump, to kick, to play, to ride -- active, alone, cheerful, coarse, dangerous, funny, glorious, just Additional: sportsman/-woman, professional, trainer, coach, amateur, opponent, sports club, (world) champion, winner on points, playground/sports ground, football field, golf course/-links, tennis-court, race-course, contest, stadium, grandstand, spectator, applause/cheers (pl), physical training, sports-meeting/event, horse-/boat-race, boxing-/wrestling-match, high/long jump, putting the shot, sprinting/long-distance race, skating / skiing, throwing the javelin, weight-lifting, athletics, tennis(-ball), (football) team, goalkeeper / forward, umpire, referee, steeplechase, race-meeting/-horse, hurdle-/motor-race, ski, gymnastics (pl), gymnasium, the 110-yards dash/sprint, final, tape, winner, score, obstacle, hook, light-/heavy weight, camping, caravan (Am. trailer), canvas, pole, to applaud, to wrestle, to serve, to repel, to repulse, to jump up, to challenge, to kick off, to pace, sportsmanlike, victorious, bodily, physical, supple, flexible, unequal 62. Fishing, Hunting -------------------- Basics: animal, bear, bird, blast, blood, blow, boat, body, container, crack, crash, creature, death, fat, feather, field, fire, fish, flash, flight, fly, foot, forest, fox, fur, grass, gun, hole, horse, lake, leaf, mouth, movement, nest, net, noise, ocean, river, roar, rod, ship, shore, shot, skin, throat, vessel, water, wave, wind, wolf, wood -- to bite, to boil, to bone, to burst, to catch, to contain, to crack, to crash, to feed, to fetch, to find, to fire, to fish, to flash, to float, to fly, to follow, to gather, to handle, to hunt, to kill, to listen, to move, to roar, to shoot -- black, brown, cold, cool, dark, dead, fast, fat, hollow, lame, loud, sharp, short, white, wild Additional: fishing, fisherman / angler, bait, fishing/hunting license, fresh-/salt-water fish, hunting / hunter, bullet, rifle, pheasant, grouse, quail, rabbit, big game, pursuit, to angle, to go fishing, to fly off/away XII. SCIENCES AND SCHOOL ======================== 63. Cognitive and Scientific Work (cf. 30) ------------------------------------------ Basics: ability, advance, advice, education, effect, examination, example, experience, experiment, explanation, expression, extent, failure, final, idea, improvement, instruction, invention, issue, knowledge, language, library, mind, nonsense, observation, page, plan, poem, poet, press, print, reference, report, review, science, source, speech, study, system, test, thought, tongue, trial, university, word -- to acquaint, to acquire, to advance, to advise, to educate, to examine, to explain, to express, to fail, to improve, to invent, to observe, to print, to refer, to repeat, to review, to speak, to think, to translate, to word, to write -- able, excellent, fair, impossible, responsible, thorough Additional: scholar / scientist, scholarship, learning, culture / civilization, discoverer, exploration, explorer / research, investigation, technical term, treatise, expert, theory, method, procedure, proceeding, imagination, illusion, conviction / certainty, precision, ignorance, stupidity, utility, wit(s), notion, to investigate, to confirm, to specify, to utilize, to proceed (to), to ignore, learned, cultural / technical, expert (at/in), imaginable, precise, planless, attentive (to), spiritual, witty, ignorant (of), feeble-minded, obvious, distinctly, plainly 64. Philosophy (cf. 30; 63) --------------------------- Basics: absence, act, agreement, anxiety, appearance, being, belief, book, centre, character, class, concern, confidence, connection, conscience, consideration, control, despair, determination, doubt, dream, end, evil, existence, faith, fancy, fate, fear, field, future, idea, life, lot, objection, opinion, order, peace, person, purpose, soul, spirit, thought, truth, view, wisdom -- to agree, to allow, to appear, to approve, to argue, to be, to bear, to believe, to bind, to check, to class, to comfort, to conceive, to consider, to convince,to determine, to die, to disagree, to distinguish, to doubt, to dream, to examine, to exist, to feel, to imagine, to think, to understand -- absent, absolute, alike, almost, alone, anxious, clear, distinct, dull, extreme, ideal, independent, inferior, like Additional: philosophy, morals (pl), morality, demonstration, contemplation, to demonstrate, to deny, to contemplate, to depart (from), well-founded / unfounded, intellectual 65. History (cf. Ch. VIII; 63) ------------------------------ Basics: age, army, attack, battle, beginning, border, century, civilization, copy, course, cross, crown, cruelty, current, curse, date, destruction, development, event, example, fall, flag, government, harm, heir, history, influence, king, kingdom, liberty, limit, list, loss, mass, measure, memory, minister, misery, nation, national, native, neighbour, opposition, origin, party, past, people, powder, power, presence, president, prisoner, progress, quarrel, queen, record, reform, representative, resignation, resistance, ruin, safety, scene, settlement, society, soldier, state, time, title, war, weapon, world, year -- to attack, to become, to begin, to copy, to crown, to curse, to date, to destroy, to develop, to fall, to forget, to govern, to happen, to lose, to mention, to obey, to record, to reform, to resist, to ruin -- ago, ancient, before, daily, ever, false, famous, foreign, glorious, gradually, grand, great, hard, likely, native, next, noble, political, powerful, present, remarkable, remember, remind, several, social, solemn Additional: universal history, historian, primitive/modern times (pl), Stone Age / Middle Ages (pl), antiquity, chronicle, evolution, greatness, (down)fall, civil war, nobility / nobleman, prince / princess, duke / duchess, earl / viscount, emperor/empress, monarch / monarchy, majesty, suite, treaty, ceremony, to evolve, to compel, medi(a)eval, historic(al), peaceful, formal / ceremonial, royal, immortal, primitive, antique, Roman / Greek, international, as a remembrance / in memory of 66. Literature (cf. 23; 63) --------------------------- Basics: answer, article, book, conversation, copy, critic, description, detail, example, fun, joke, letter, library, meaning, note, notice, page, paper, passage, poem, poet, print, prize, puzzle, report, review, theatre, title, work -- to answer, to conceive, to copy, to cover,to discuss, to joke, to print, to prize, to read, to translate -- charming, fond, funny, merry, ordinary, simple Additional: literature, essay, contents (pl) / table of contents, drama / tragedy / comedy, poem / poetry, verse / rhyme, prose, novel / fiction, short story, author, writer, detective story, proverb, style, text, phrase, abbreviation, comment, dictionary, publication, quotation, reader, criticism, preface, foreword, lecture, extract / survey / summary, fluency, simplicity, commonplace, order form, column, edition / editor, volume / chapter / paragraph, copyright, dedication, to criticize, to review, to comment (on), to edit, to consult, to publish, to dedicate, to quote, to instruct, literary, poetic(al), comic, melodious, thrilling / stirring, fascinating, touching, affected, expressive / fluent, copious, elaborate, obscure, tedious, commonplace, out of print 67. Grammar (cf. 23; 68) ------------------------ Basics: article, detail, difference, difficulty, explanation, expression, future, point, reference, slip, speech, talk, tongue, word -- to agree, to depend, to describe, to determine, to explain, to express, to polish up, to refer, to speak, to spell, to talk, to tell -- different, direct, distinct, special Additional: grammar, construction, vocabulary, omission, ending, vowel, consonant, plural / singular, verb, stress, colon / comma / semicolon, exclamation/question mark, inverted commas, dash, apostrophe, parenthesis (pl -es), bracket, principal clause, (in)direct speech, to construct, to omit, to skip, to complicate, composed/consisting of, impersonal, affirmative, negative 68. Education, School, Teaching (cf. 1; 23; 36-67, 69-71) --------------------------------------------------------- Basics: activity, address, attention, blame, boy, brain, chalk, child, consideration, control, cruelty, curious, degree, delay, duty, education, effect, effort, figures, girl, head, history, holidays, home, improvement, information, ink, instruction, knowledge, lesson, library, line, list, mark, member, memory, mind, mistake, order, pen, pencil, pupil, reply, reward, ruler, school, study, task, test, training, university, youth -- to aim, to blame, to consider, to control, to count, to cry, to delay, to educate, to forbid, to forget, to forgive, to hear, to improve, to inquire, to know, to listen, to match, to mention, to obey, to read, to refuse, to repeat, to rub out, to spell, to study, to teach -- active, ahead, busy, content, cruel, foolish, glad, happy, by heart, kind, lazy, regular, remarkable Additional: elementary/secondary school, boarding/private school, public school, curriculum, headmaster (Am. principal), form (Am grade), master/mistress, teaching staff, (Am.) faculty, classroom test, entrance examination, textbook, (exercise-)book, blotting-paper, schoolroom, sponge, desk, fountain/ballpoint-pen, timetable, break (Am. recess), optional (Am. elective), homework, physical training, spelling, pronunciation, dictation, reading, geography, mathematics (pl with sing), geometry, arithmetic, chemistry / physics (pl with sing), biology / civics (pl with sing), composition, essay, paper, correction, report, proficiency, reproof, rebuke, detention, student, lecturer / professor, syllabus, scholarship, application for admission, speech-day, school-grounds (pl; Am campus), to prompt, to toil, to erase, to admonish, to keep in, to be kept in, to get o.'s remove (Am. to be promoted), to supervise, to underline, to recite, oral / written, attentive (to), diligent, industrious, insufficient, unsatisfactory XIII. Artistic Work =================== 69. In General -------------- Basics: ability, admiration, condition, example, fashion, feeling, form, frame, freedom, front, group, half, invention, meaning, model, nature, object, opinion, order, particular, piece, place, plan, practice, preference, prejudice, problem, quality, quantity, reality, respect, shape, shine, size, standard, taste, tendency -- to admire, to conceive, to invent, to practise, to prefer, to shine -- able, free, fresh, inferior, natural, plain, precious, real, unable Additional: artist, work of art, masterpiece, exhibition, talent (for) / reputation, art-gallery, to displease/to disgust s.o., to decay, to flourish, artistic / artificial, gifted, eminent, notable, noteworthy 70. Painting, Sculpturing, Architecture (cf. 68) ------------------------------------------------ Basics: art, balance, base, beauty, body, charm, coal, collection, colour, confusion, fancy, figure, flesh, fold, glory, gold, hair, hammer, hat, intention, outline, paint, shade, sky, work -- to cast, to collect, to combine, to disagree, to enjoy, to fasten, to fill, to handle, to intend, to interrupt, to paint -- ancient, beautiful, charming, coarse, famous, favourable, fine, flat, former, glorious, great, handsome, left, lovely, mysterious, opposite, original, pale, pretty, rough, ugly Additional: painting, sculpture/sculptor, architecture, portrait, image, sketch / drawing / etching, plastic art / carving, landscape, foreground / background, semicircle, vault / arch, coloured pencil, to sculpture / to imitate, to alter, to modify, to stand out against, circular, graceful, arched, vaulted 71. Music, Singing (cf. 23; 68) ------------------------------- Basics: act, air, band, beginning, concert, music, noise, organ, player, pleasure, program(me), record, song, tune, voice -- to accompany, to begin, to compose, to enjoy, to flash, to follow, to listen, to play, to present -- alone, false, low, moderate, popular, sad, sweet, tender Additional: musician, composer, orchestra, bandmaster / conductor, singer, musical instrument, string/brass instruments (pl), violin violinist, trumpet / horn, gramophone/record-player (Am. phonograph), chorus / choir, melody, jazz, overture, music festival, music stand, music(al) box, to set to music, to conduct, to tune, to play at sight, musical 72. Theatre, Cinema, Photography (cf. 66) ----------------------------------------- Basics: curtain, dance, entrance, fair, film, furniture, management, manager, moment, motion, performance, person, photograph, picture, play, player, production, program(me), scene, screen, servant, stage, success, theatre, ticket -- to enter, to furnish, to manage, to move, to perform, to play, to produce, to represent, to reserve, to sell, to stage -- merry, sad, solemn, splendid Additional: actor/actress, cast, part, open-air theatre, (dress) rehearsal, stage properties (pl), decoration, stage-manager, production, dancer, audience / playgoer, box / stall / pit, dress/upper circle, box-office, cloakroom, emergency exit, sound/colour film, feature/documentary film, picture-goer, newsreel, script, scenario, film producer, film star, colour photography, photographer, to decorate, to put on the stage, to screen, decorative, photographic 73. Broadcasting, Television ---------------------------- Basics: broadcast, button, call, company, connection, future, lamp, look, original, picture, radio, record, scene, set, sight, television -- to broadcast, to call, to interrupt, to introduce, to listen in, to look, to receive, to signal, to turn -- loud, low Additional: broadcast, wireless, wireless/television set, receiver, loudspeaker, valve (Am. tube),transmitter, broadcasting station/program(me), network, wave-length, microphone, studio, radio advertising, television screen, telescreen, speaker, to transmit, to jam, to televise